Furthermore, information is presented on new and improved tools for diagnosing the infection in final hosts (dogs, foxes, and cats) by coproantigen or DNA detection and the application of molecular techniques to epidemiological studies. Examples of emergence or reemergence of CE are presented, and the question of potential spreading of E. multilocularis, and the first demonstration of urban cycles of the parasite. granulosus to humans, the increasing invasion of cities in Europe and Japan by red foxes, the main definitive hosts of E. Various aspects of human echinococcosis are discussed in this review, including data on the infectivity of genetic variants of E. There are also some hints of an increasing significance of polycystic forms of the disease, which are restricted to Central and South America. multilocularis, the causative agent of AE, is more widely distributed than previously thought. AE is restricted to the northern hemisphere regions of North America and Eurasia. Although control is essentially feasible, CE remains a considerable health problem in many regions of the northern and southern hemispheres. In untreated cases, AE has a high mortality rate. multilocularis, and polycystic forms are caused by either E. Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is caused by Echinococcus granulosus, alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is caused by E. Echinococcosis in humans is a zoonotic infection caused by larval stages (metacestodes) of cestode species of the genus Echinococcus.
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